Distribution patterns of influenza virus receptors and viral attachment patterns in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of seven avian species

Table 4 Influenza receptor distribution^a and pattern of viral attachment^b in the intestinal tract^c of different avian species.

Species	Tissues, types of receptor/virus binding^d
	Small Intestine				Large Intestine
	α-2,3	H4N5	α-2,6	H1N1	α-2,3	H4N5	α-2,6	H1N1
Chicken	+++	++	+	+	+	++	+	+
Quail	++	+	+	+	+	+	++	+
Partridge	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
Turkey	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+
Pheasant	++	+	+	+	++	+++	++	+
Ostrich	++	+	-	+	++	+	-	-
Mallard	++	+	-	+	++	+	-	-

^a The distribution of α-2,3 and α-2,6 influenza receptors was evaluated using lectin immunohistochemistry.
^b The pattern of viral attachment was performed using virus histochemistry and the A/Mallard/Netherlands/13/08 (H4N5) and A/Netherlands/35/05 (H1N1) viruses.
^c Media of the results obtained in the epithelia lining (columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells).
^d -: negative; +: low; ++: moderate; +++: strong.

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