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Table 2 Potential hosts of Leptospira in the western Indian Ocean islands.

From: Leptospirosis in the western Indian Ocean islands: what is known so far?

Species

Geographic location

Sensitive(1)(S) or resistant(2)(R)

Main clinical signs

Asymptomatic chronic shedding

Economic significance

Existing data on leptospirosis in the Indian Ocean region

Primates

      

Humans

All islands

S (asymptomatic forms are frequent)

Fever, myalgias, headache, chills, oliguria/anuria, jaundice, conjunctive suffusions, aseptic meningitis, hemorrhages, skin rash, renal and hepatic failure, severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome

Yes

Medical costs, absence from work, mortality

[19–35]

Brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus)

Mayotte, Madagascar

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

[15]

Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Mauritius

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

No

Mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz)

Comoros, Madagascar

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

No

Rodents

      

Black rat (Rattus rattus)

All islands

R

Absent

Yes

Cost of control (traps, poison, time)

[15, 17, 36, 37]

Norway rat (R. norvegicus)

Reunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar

R

Absent

Yes

Cost of control (traps, poison, time)

[17, 36]

Domestic mouse (Mus musculus)

All islands

R

Absent

Yes

Cost of control (traps, poison, time)

[17, 36]

Terrestrial insectivores

      

Shrew (Suncus murinus)

Mauritius, Reunion, Comoros, Madagascar

R

Absent

Yes

Cost of control (traps, poison, time)

[17, 36]

Tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus)

Reunion, Mayotte, Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar

Nd

Nd

Not proved

Nd

[17, 38]

Carnivores

      

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)

Mayotte, Madagascar

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

[37]

Dog(Canis lupus familiaris)

All islands

R or S*

Fever, oliguria/anuria, jaundice, haemorrhages, renal and hepatic failure

Yes

Cost of control of the stray populations

[15, 17, 19]

Cat (Felis catus)

All islands

R or S*

Mild, non-specific signs

Yes

Cost of control of the stray populations

[17]

Livestock

      

Cattle (Bos taurus)

All islands

R or S*

Reproductive failure

Yes

Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity

[17, 19, 20, 37, 39–41] Pasteur Institute (unpublished data)

Goat (Capra hircus)

All islands

R or S*

Reproductive failure

Yes

Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity

[17, 37]

Swine (Sus scrofa)

All islands

R or S*

Reproductive failure

Yes

 

[17, 19, 20]

Rusa deer (Timorensis rusa)

Reunion, Mauritius

R or S*

Reproductive failure

Yes

Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity

[17]

Equine

      

Horse (Equus ferus)

All islands

R or S*

Acute form, reproductive failure, chronic uveitis

Nd

Cost of veterinary care, abortion, neonatal morbidity

[19, 41]

Bats

      

Free-tailed bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui)

Reunion

Probably R

Nd

Yes

Nd

[17]

Seychelles flying-fox (Pteropus seychellensis)

Mayotte, Comoros, Seychelles

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[15, 37]

Peters’s wrinkle-lipped bat (Mormopterus jugularis)

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Madagascar free-tailed bat (Otomops madagascariensis)

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Trouessart’s trident bat (Triaenops furculum)s

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Trident bats (Triaenops menamena)

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Glen’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus gleni)

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Miniopterus griffithsi

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Miniopterus mahafaliensis

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Malagasy mouse-eared bat (Myotis goudoti)

Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Comoro rousette (Rousettus obliviosus)

Comoros

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Western Seychelles Free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pusillus)

Mayotte, Comoros

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

Miniopterus griveaudi

Comoros, Madagascar

Probably R

Nd

Nd

Nd

[42]

  1. (1) The animal is infected and shows clinical signs of the disease.
  2. (2) The animal is infected without clinical signs of the disease.
  3. * These species are generally asymptomatic, but some Leptospira strains can induce acute forms of the disease (e.g. Icterohaemorrhagiae in dog or in horse).
  4. Nd: no data.