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Table 2 The viral sensing PRR in birds

From: Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds

Viral sensing

 

TLR3

TLR7

TLR15

TLR21

RIG-I

MDA5 (IFIH1)

LGP2

receptors

        

Downstream Antiviral Genes

 

TypeIIFN (IFN-β)

IFNα, IL-1β, PKR, OAS (HPAIV-infected goose)

IL-1β

IL-1, IL-6

IFN-β, IFN-stimulated antiviral genes

IFN-β

IFN-β

Chicken

Genbank accession No.

NM_001011691; EF137861; DQ780341; JF273967; GU904961.1(emu); XM_002190852.1 (zebra finch).

NM_001011688; GU904977(emu); XM_002194896 (zebra finch).

NM_001037835.1; HM773174.1; HM773175.1; HM773176.1; DQ267901.1; JN544181.1; JN544182.1; JN544183.1; JN544184.1; JN544185.1; JN544186.1; JN544187.1; JN544188.1; JN544189.1;

JQ042910.1; JQ042911.1; JQ042912.1; JQ042913.1; JQ042914.1;

Absent

NM_001193638; JN376086; AB371640; GU570144.

HQ845773

Ligand

dsRNA poly(I:C)

R848 Poly(U)RNA loxoribine

B- and C-type CpG ODNs

CpG ODNs

dsRNA poly(I:C)

dsRNA poly(I:C)

Involved in virus infection

HPAI (H5N1) [37] LPAI (H7N1, H6N2) [45, 46] MD [43] IBD [44]

MD [43] IBD [44]

MD [32, 33]

Not reported

HPAI [86] LPAI [45]

HPAI [86]

Duck

Genbank accession No.

JQ910167 (muscovy duck)

DQ888644 (mallard)

Not reported

Not reported

EU363349 (mallard)

GU936632 (mallard)

Not reported

Ligand

dsRNA poly(I:C)

ssPolyU/Lyove loxoribine imiquimod

5′ppp RNA

Unknown

Involved in virus infection

HPAI (H5N1) [21]

HPAI (H5N1) [56] LPAI (H11N9) [57]

HPAI (H5N1) [75, 78–80]

Unknown

Goose

Genbank accession No.

Not reported

JQ910168

JQ014619.1

Not reported

HQ829831 (domestic goose)

Not reported

Not reported

Ligand

Not reported

Not reported

5′ppp RNA

Involved in virus infection

HPAI (H5N1) [26]

Not reported

ND [76]

  1. 1 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard); Anser anser (domestic goose); Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck); Dromaius novaehollandiae (emu); Gallus gallus (chicken); Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch).
  2. 2 HPAI: Highly pathogenic avian influenza; LPAI: Low pathogenic avian influenza; IBD: Infectious bursal disease; MD: Marek’s disease; ND: Newcastle disease.