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Table 1 The target proteins and the multifunctional role of Lpro.

From: Multifunctional roles of leader protein of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suppressing host antiviral responses

Biological functions of Lpro

Auto cleavage

Cleavage activities

Deubiquitination activity

Unknown

Target proteins

Viral polyprotein [4]

eIF4GI [40]; eIF4GII [21]

Gemin5 [54] eIF3a and b; PTB;PABP1 [11]

Daxx [54]

RIG-I,TBK1,TRAF3 and TRAF6 [22]

NF-κB [8]; IRF-3/7 [77]

Recognition site/region

KVQRKLK201*GAGQSS

eIF4GI:PSFANLG674 *RTTLST; eIF4GII:VPLLNVG700 *SRRSQP

PABP: putative motif RRSL; Gemin5:IKKRKAR846*SLLPLS(RKAR motif); others: unknown

Daxx:VLARRLR360*ENRSLA (RRLR motif)

The polyubiquitination chain of ubiquitinated signaling molecules

Unknown

The effects induced by Lpro

Directing the release of Lpro from the nascent polyprotein

Shutting off cellular translation

Control of cellular translation

Regulation of apoptosis and innate immune antiviral responses

Impairing innate immune signaling pathways

Restricting antiviral activities of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ1