Figure 4

Lysozyme mRNA expression. Results of the LME. The black dots represent the fitted values, and the lines are 95% confidence intervals. Raw data were superimposed (grey dots). Gene expression was primarily affected by treatment (L-ratio = 20.92, df = 5, p < 0.001). Treatments: C (control); I (infected honeybees); CFluv (non-infected honeybees fed with 666 ppb of tau-fluvalinate); I + Fluv (infected honeybees fed with 666 ppb of tau-fluvalinate); CCou (non-infected honeybees fed with 3333 ppb of coumaphos); I + Cou (infected honeybees fed with 3333 ppb of coumaphos). When compared with control, treatment CCou was significantly lower (t = −3.09; p < 0.01) and treatment CFluv also had a negative but weak influence on the gene expression (t = −2.09; p = 0.05). The asterisk indicates statistically significant differences with respect to control treatment (C).