Host species | First pathogen | Second pathogen | Type of interaction during co-infection | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parasitic and bacterial co-infections | ||||
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss | Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa) | Yersinia ruckeri | Synergistic | [75] |
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus | Gyrodactylus niloticus (Helminth) | Streptococcus iniae | Synergistic | [59] |
Goldfish, Carassius auratus | Dactylogyrus intermedius (Helminth) | F. columnare | Synergistic | [60] |
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss | Argulus coregoni (Fish louse) | F. columnare | Synergistic | [57] |
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (protozoa) | E. ictaluri | Synergistic | [65] |
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus | I. multifiliis | S. iniae | Synergistic | [70] |
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus | I. multifiliis | A. hydrophila | Synergistic | [72] |
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar | Piscirickettsia salmonis | C. rogercresseyi | Synergistic | [62] |
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus | E. ictaluri | I. multifiliis | Synergistic | [64] |
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus | S. iniae or S. agalactiae | Trichdina sp. | Synergistic | [71] |
Parasitic and viral co-infections | ||||
Whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus | Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus | Trichdina sp. | Synergistic | [76] |
Bacterial and viral co-infections | ||||
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar | Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus | Vibrio salmonicida | Synergistic | [81] |
Grouper, Epinephelus sp. | Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus | Vibrio carchariae | Synergistic | [82] |
Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus | Marine birnavirus | S. iniae, Vibrio spp. | Synergistic | [83] |
Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus | Marine birnavirus | Vibrio harveyi or E. tarda | Synergistic | [84] |
Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus | Aquabirnavirus | E. tarda or S. iniae | Synergistic | [85] |
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss | Flavobacterium psychrophilum | Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus | Synergistic | [86] |
Fungal and bacterial co-infections | ||||
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus | Fusarium oxysporum | A. hydrophila | Synergistic | [87] |
Discus fish, Symphysodon | Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum or F. moniliform | A. hydrophila | Synergistic | [88] |