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Table 2 Summary of different interactions occurring during co-infections by different heterologous pathogens in different fish species

From: The impact of co-infections on fish: a review

Host species

First pathogen

Second pathogen

Type of interaction during co-infection

References

Parasitic and bacterial co-infections

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa)

Yersinia ruckeri

Synergistic

[75]

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Gyrodactylus niloticus (Helminth)

Streptococcus iniae

Synergistic

[59]

Goldfish, Carassius auratus

Dactylogyrus intermedius (Helminth)

F. columnare

Synergistic

[60]

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Argulus coregoni (Fish louse)

F. columnare

Synergistic

[57]

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (protozoa)

E. ictaluri

Synergistic

[65]

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

I. multifiliis

S. iniae

Synergistic

[70]

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

I. multifiliis

A. hydrophila

Synergistic

[72]

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Piscirickettsia salmonis

C. rogercresseyi

Synergistic

[62]

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

E. ictaluri

I. multifiliis

Synergistic

[64]

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

S. iniae or S. agalactiae

Trichdina sp.

Synergistic

[71]

Parasitic and viral co-infections

Whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

Trichdina sp.

Synergistic

[76]

Bacterial and viral co-infections

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Vibrio salmonicida

Synergistic

[81]

Grouper, Epinephelus sp.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Vibrio carchariae

Synergistic

[82]

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Marine birnavirus

S. iniae, Vibrio spp.

Synergistic

[83]

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Marine birnavirus

Vibrio harveyi or E. tarda

Synergistic

[84]

Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Aquabirnavirus

E. tarda or S. iniae

Synergistic

[85]

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Synergistic

[86]

Fungal and bacterial co-infections

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Fusarium oxysporum

A. hydrophila

Synergistic

[87]

Discus fish, Symphysodon

Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum or F. moniliform

A. hydrophila

Synergistic

[88]