Table 1 Summary of reports on detection of HEV RNA in liver, meat and meat products from animals intended for human consumption
From: Recent knowledge on hepatitis E virus in Suidae reservoirs and transmission routes to human
Animal species | Organ | Geographical area/Country | Detection rate | RNA log copies/g | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pig | Liver | Brazil | 2/118 (2%) | [115] | |
Burkina Faso | 1/157 (1%) | [116] | |||
Cameroon | 3/345 (1%) | [117] | |||
Canada | 2/19 (10%) | 1.3–1.6 | [90] | ||
Canada | 25/283 (9%) | 3–6.7 | [118] | ||
Canada | 9/43 (21%) | 3–7 | [25] | ||
China | 4/114 (4%) | [119] | |||
Czech Republic | 2/40 (5%) | [26] | |||
France (Corsica) | 2/24 (8%) | [55] | |||
France | 128/3715 (4%) | [32] | |||
Germany | 8/200 (4%) | [120] | |||
Hong Kong | 7/479 (2%) | [121] | |||
India | 2/240 (1%) | [122] | |||
Italy | 2/33 (6%) | [26] | |||
Japan | 12/243 (4.9%) | [123] | |||
Japan | 0/110 (0%) | [124] | |||
Japan | 4/390 (1%) | [125] | |||
Mexico | 26/127 (20%) | [126] | |||
Spain | 1/39 (3%) | [26] | |||
Thailand | 3/1090 (1%) | [127] | |||
The Netherlands | 4/62 (6%) | [98] | |||
United Kingdom | 1/40 (3%) | [92] | |||
USA | 14/127 (11%) | [97] | |||
Meat (muscle) | Canada | 0/599 (0%) | [118] | ||
Canada | 0/43 (0%) | [25] | |||
Czech Republic | 1/40 (3%) | [26] | |||
Italy | 2/33 (6%) | [26] | |||
Spain | 0/39 (0%) | [26] | |||
Thailand | 2/559 (1%) | [127] | |||
United Kingdom | 0/40 (0%) | [92] | |||
Sausages (and other products) containing liver | Canada | 36/76 (47%) | 0.6–2.7 | [90] | |
France | 68/394 (17.3%) | 2.2–6.3 | [87] | ||
France | 22/70 (31%) | 1.6–6.2 | [91] | ||
Germany | 11/50 (22%) | [89] | |||
Italy | 11/68 (16%) | 3.4–5.3 | [88] | ||
Sausages without liver | Germany | 14/70 (20%) | [89] | ||
Sausages (not specified) | Canada | 0/35 (0%) | [90] | ||
Czech Republic | 0/92 (0%) | [26] | |||
Italy | 0/128 (0%) | [26] | |||
Spain | 6/93 (6%) | [26] | |||
United Kingdom | 6/63 (10%) | [92] | |||
Wild boar | Liver | Belgium | 4/61 (7%) | [60] | |
Czech Republic | 50/437 (11%) | 7.3 | [81] | ||
France | 7/285 (3%) | [128] | |||
France | 5/86 (6%) | 1.6–8.1 | [80] | ||
Germany | 39/232 (17%) | 7.4 | [56] | ||
Germany | 4/22 (18%) | [111] | |||
Germany | 22/148 (15%) | [58] | |||
Germany | 48/126 (38%) | [50] | |||
Hungary | 8/75 (11%) | [78] | |||
Italy | 7/372 (2%) | [62] | |||
Italy | 55/164 (33%) | [63] | |||
Japan | 19/552 (3%) | [4] | |||
Japan | 7/39 (18%) | [129] | |||
Japan | 1/33 (3%) | [40] | |||
The Netherlands | 2/102 (2%) | [66] | |||
Meat (muscle) | Germany | 29/232 (12%) | 3.6 | [56] | |
Germany | 1/22 (5%) | [111] | |||
The Netherlands | 0/64 (0%) | [66] | |||
Sausages without liver | Germany | 1/10 (10%) | [89] | ||
Red deer | Liver | Belgium | 1/29 (3%) | [60] | |
France | 2/62 (3%) | 1.1-3.1 | [80] | ||
Germany | 2/83 (2%) | 3.3 | [56] | ||
Hungary | 3/30 (10%) | [78] | |||
The Netherlands | 1/39 (3%) | [66] | |||
Meat (muscle) | Germany | 2/83 (2%) | 2.7 | [56] | |
The Netherlands | 2/39 (5%) | [66] | |||
Roe deer | Liver | Belgium | 0/27 (0%) | [60] | |
Germany | 5/78 (6%) | 3.3 | [56] | ||
Hungary | 9/41 (22%) | [78] | |||
Italy | 0/30 (0%) | [62] | |||
The Netherlands | 0/8 (0%) | [66] | |||
Meat (muscle) | Germany | 4/78 (5%) | 2.7 | [56] | |
The Netherlands | 0/6 (0%) | [66] | |||
Fallow deer | Liver | Germany | 0/22 (0%) | [56] | |
Meat (muscle) | Germany | 0/22 (0%) | [56] | ||
Yezo deer | Liver | Japan | 0/79 (0%) | [125] | |
Sika deer | Liver | Japan | 0/132 (0%) | [40] |