From: Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain
Alternative | Mode of action | Advantages | Challenges | Continuous use |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drugs targeting quorum-sensing | The disruption of bacterial quorum-sensing | Specific targets | Expensive | No, as concerns for developing resistance do exist |
Recombinant enzymes | Varying mechanisms that span the generation of H2O2 to the enhancement of dietary protein digestibility | Varying targets with the possibility of combining more than one mechanism in parallel | Expensive | Yes, without any concerns of resistance-development |
Phytochemicals/botanicals | Varying mechanisms | Low costs | Varying outcomes and efficiencies | Yes, without any concerns of resistance development |
Minerals | Production of hydroxyl radicals and/or reactive oxygen species | Most effective | High concentrations are needed | No as concerns for environmental contaminations with heavy metals exist |
Organic acids/acidifiers | The un-dissociated acids diffuse across cell-membranes destroying the cytoplasm of pathogens or inhibiting their growth | Low costs | Varying outcomes and efficiencies based on the used compound | Yes, without any concerns of resistance-development |
Yeast cell walls and mannan-oligosaccharides | Inhibit the adherence of bacterial cells | Low costs | Not fully validated/tested | Yes, without any concerns of resistance-development |