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Table 1 Safety testing of V-RG in current or potential primary target species administered by various routes

From: Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia–rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG®): a global review

Species

No. of animals

Routea

Dose per animalb

Observation period (days)

References

Red fox

2

i.d.

108.0 PFU

28

[54]

(Vulpes vulpes)

2

s.c.

108.0 PFU

28

[54]

 

4

p.o. scarified

108.0 PFU

28

[54]

 

4

p.o.

104.0 PFU

28

[54]

 

4

p.o.

106.0 PFU

28

[54]

 

4

p.o.

108.0 PFU

28

[54]

 

5

p.o. in bait

108.0 PFU/bait

28

[54]

 

8

p.o. in bait

109.1 TCID50/bait

90

[63]

 

6

intragastric

109.1 TCID50

90

[63]

 

2

i.d. scarified

107.9 TCID50

90

[63]

 

4

p.o.

106 PFU

30

[64]

 

4

p.o.

107 PFU

30

[64]

 

4

p.o.

108 PFU

30

[64]

 

4

p.o. (lyophilised)

108.0 PFU

30

[64]

 

5

p.o. in bait

108.0 PFU

30

[64]

 

10

p.o. in bait

108.34 TCID50/bait

182

[91]

 

10

p.o. in bait

108.4 TCID50/bait

182

[91]

 

8

p.o in bait

107.6 to 9.5 TCID50/bait

121

[144]

Red fox kits

13

p.o.

107.2 PFU

33–360

[55]

(V. vulpes; silver var.)

65

p.o.

108.0 to 8.4 TCID50

60–120

[81]

Gray fox

4

p.o.

106.8 TCID50

90

Unpublished datac

(Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

6

p.o.

108.1 TCID50

90

Unpublished datac

 

6

p.o.

109.3 TCID50

90

Unpublished datac

Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)

8

p.o.

108.0 PFU

112

[82]

Raccoon

3

i.d.

107.0 PFU

28

[52]

(Procyon lotor)

3

i.m.

107.8 PFU

28

[52]

 

1

p.o.

106.0 PFU

28

[52]

 

6

p.o.

108.0 PFU

28

[52]

 

8

p.o. in bait

108.0 PFU/bait

28

[52]

 

6

p.o.

108.0 PFU

~180

[68]

 

7

p.o. in bait

108.0 PFU/bait

~180

[68]

Raccoon kits (P. lotor)

18

p.o.

108.2 PFU

245 to 266

[59]

Coyote

4

p.o.

107.4 TCID50

49

Unpublished datad

(Canis latrans)

8

p.o.

108.3 TCID50

49

Unpublished datad

 

7

p.o. in 1 bait/day for 3 days

108.5 TCID50/bait

49

Unpublished datad

 

10

p.o.

108.3 TCID50

90

[68]

Skunk

8

p.o. in bait

109.0 PFU/bait

90

[88]

(Mephitis mephitis)

8

Intraduodenal

109.0 PFU

90

[88]

 

4

i.m.

108.3 PFU

90

[88]

 

6

i.d.

108.3 PFU

90

[88]

 

6

p.o.

107.7 TCID50

116

[89]

 

5

p.o. in bait

107.7 TCID50/bait

116

[89]

 

5

p.o. in 3 baits

107.7 TCID50/bait

116

[89]

Raccoon dog

10

p.o. in bait

108.8 TCID50/bait

124

[91]

(Nyctereutes procyonoides)

10

p.o. in bait

109.0 TCID50/bait

124

[91]

Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)

9

p.o. in bait

108.8 TCID50/bait

160

[92]

 

8

p.o. in bait

107.6 to 9.5TCID50/bait

121

[144]

 

3

p.o.

107.6 to 9.5TCID50/bait

207

[144]

Small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus)

5

p.o.

108.0 TCID50

28

[93]

European badger (Meles meles)

6

p.o.

108.3 TCID50

45

[56]

Vampire bat

56

p.o.

108.0 TCID50

5 to 120

[108]

(Desmodus rotundus)

8

i.m.

107.4 TCID50

31

[99]

 

8

i.d. scarified

107.0 TCID50

31

[99]

 

8

p.o.

108.0 TCID50

31

[99]

 

8

Aerosol (nebulization)

≤ 107.4 TCID50

31

[99]

  1. ai.d., intradermal; i.m., intramuscular; p.o., per os (oral); s.c., subcutaneous.
  2. bTCID50, median tissue culture infectious doses; PFU, plaque forming units.
  3. cUnpublished data; USA registration dossier, VRG 95/036B.
  4. dUnpublished data; USA registration dossier, VRG 94/069.
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Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1297-9716