Table 2 Prerequisites and criteria for oral vaccines in dogs

Efficacy of the vaccine candidate

Direct oral instillation of the vaccine suspension to laboratory dogs

Administration of the vaccine bait to confined dogs

Distribution of the vaccine bait in the field

Safety of the vaccine candidate

In the target species (10 times the field dose)

In non-target species (local wild and domestic animals) (10 times the field dose)

In wild rodents (field dose)

In non-human primates (10 times the field dose)

In immunodeficient laboratory animal model (oral, intracerebral, intramuscular routes)

Excretion in the saliva of puppies

Reversion to virulence studies

Bait candidate

Preference in owned dogs living in the households within the area (or country) where oral vaccination is to be applied

Preference in ownerless and free-roaming owned dogs

Thermostability