Figure 9

Effects of vimentin on the fusion and release of NDV. A HD11 cells in 6-well cell culture plates were transfected with siRNA-VIM or siRNA-NC for 24 h. The transfected cells were then infected with JS/7/05/Ch, JS/MukHN, or Mukteswar at an MOI of 1 for 24 h. After being washed three times with ice-cold PBS, the infected cells were subsequently fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde prior to observation of syncytia formation post-staining with Giemsa solution. The mock-infected cells were assayed in parallel as a control. Images were acquired under a microscope at 100 × magnification. Scale bars, 100 μm. The white arrowheads indicate syncytia. B The fusion index was calculated as the ratio of the number of nuclei within syncytia to the total number of nuclei in the visual field. The fusion index value for each experimental group was then normalized to the value in the siRNA-NC-Mukteswar group, which was established as the baseline value of 1. C HD11 cells in 24-well cell culture plates were transfected with siRNA-VIM and siRNA-NC for 24 h. The transfected cells were then infected with JS/7/05/Ch, JS/MukHN, or Mukteswar at an MOI of 1 for 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h. Viral release was quantified by calculating the ratio of the HA titre in the supernatant to the sum of the HA titres in the supernatant and cells. The statistical graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 9.0 software. **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001; ns indicates no significance.